### discharge calculation from catchment area

Go to “Monthly climate indices” and then select DMI. Are there statistically significant changes in rainfall? If t = one hour and corresponding i is taken as i„ and the value of I is taken from equation 3.6. ; determine the percentage run-off. What conclusions can you draw from these results? The general procedure for determining peak discharge with the Rational Formula is: Step 1 Determine the drainage area. Discharge is the volume of water moving down a stream or river per unit of time, commonly expressed in cubic feet per second or gallons per day. Rational Formula: The runoff from a catchment can be estimated by using a rational formula for small catchments as follows: R = C.A.P. We can do the same exercise except using gridded data (climate data divided into say 0.5 degree spacing using reanalysis information). We will use the extremely useful Climate Explorer for the next section. Figure 5: A guide to the timescales applicable to weather, climate variability and climate change Pacific Climate Futures. Introduction Many water-management programs require streamflow and is composed of sandy soil with thick vegetation cover. A runoff model is a mathematical model describing the rainfall–runoff relations of a rainfall catchment area, drainage basin or watershed.More precisely, it produces a surface runoff hydrograph in response to a rainfall event, represented by and input as a hyetograph.In other words, the model calculates the conversion of rainfall into runoff. What areas of Australia have significant correlations and what time of year? The area is located in Western India within 150 km. Although this calculation is simple in principle, the units can make it a headache. The specified location results in a catchment with no area . Fig. A calculator with the option ‘y to the power x’ (y x) Preferably the IDF-curves (intensity-duration-frequency curves) of the zone studied Analysis of the catchment area First the catchment area with its boundaries will have to be identified on the map. Since discharge is only defined in streams or rivers, water balance calculations are often performed for the catchment area upstream of the discharge measurement site, toward which it is often assumed to drain entirely. How are they consistent or different across WA? The values of P for various conditions of the catchment area arc given in Table 3.3: In addition to the coefficient, P, another coefficient, f, is introduced in the formula for calculating the run-off. In such catchment, storms of shorter duration which cause the maximum flood discharge, will not reach the bridge site nearly at the same time and as such run-off in such catchment area will be less than that in a fan-like shape of catchment. Delineate the boundary of a catchment/contributing area using a Digital Elevation Model and a given point (a specific point for which we want to find the contributing/catchment area). Calculate the appropriate t-value and p-value and enter them also into Table 5. A river has the bed levels at the highest flood at certain intervals as shown in Fig. From the daily record of rainfall, annual rainfall for a zone is determined. Add a trend line and “display the equation” on the chart. Here you can easily find how much rainwater you can collect from you roof, how much you need to remove from a courtyard, or how much runoff you can expect from an area of land. Area of cross-section A at H.F.L. (3 marks), Calculate the annual SUM of rainfall. Determine the relationships between rainfall and runoff to evaluate the nature of the relationship between rainfall and discharge. Report a Violation, Top 6 Methods for Estimation of Flood Discharge, Design Flood: Definition and Computation of Design Flood Hydrograph. Therefore, a rainfall of Ic cm per hour over an area of A hectare will cause a run-off of 100 A Ic cu. ... Q = 0.028 PfIcA = 0.028 x 0.50 x 0.60 x 2.98 x 80,000 = 2003 cum/sec. type BROOME in the “Select stations” section), and then press “Get stations”. Q = Peak discharge, cfs c = Rational method runoff coefficient i = Rainfall intensity, inch/hour A = Drainage area, acre. Describe the results and conclusions of this analysis. Calculate the arithmetic mean and write this in your summary table (Table 3). Drainage area was the only sig - nificant variable in the revised regression equations. Note any trend and variability in the index. The most basic measure of average rainfall depth is the arthimetic average, whereby you sum the observed rainfall at each rain gauge inside the catchment and divide by the number of gauges. Highlight the station where there is a statistically significant slope. Drag the Year FIELD into the ROWS box. Go the Department of Water web site. Throughout the exercise we should remember that rainfall will be influenced by a number of processes that operate on different space and time scales (see Figure 5). Drainage area was the only sig - nificant variable in the revised regression equations. Left click on the “Sum of Month” in the VALUES box and remove it. Download the answer sheet for this exercise by clicking the download button in the tool bar . Introduction Many water-management programs require streamflow As the catchment area gets larger and larger, the possibility of reaching the run-off to the bridge site simultaneously from all parts of the catchment is less and less and as such the value of f is gradually reduced as the catchment area is increased. Rational Formula: The runoff from a catchment can be estimated by using a rational formula for small catchments as follows: R = C.A.P. Describe the values you got and what they mean. Such surface velocity is to be determined for each section and weightage average value is obtained for the purpose of flood discharge estimation. What statistical test can we use to test the significance of the hypothesis? Other indicators of temporal variability (look for cyclic patterns). 60 min of 10mm/h = 10 mm of rain in one hour We can the assume that we had 5 mm in the first 30 min and 5 mm in the next 30 min. This can be done using the Channel network algorithm. It is also called catchment or drainage area. If you are using the roof of a building for this purpose, calculate the square footage of this area by taking the length of the building, including the overhang (s) and multiply this by the width measurement plus the overhang (s) of the building. Empirical Formulae 3. The possibility of intensive rainfall falling simultaneously over the entire area of a big catch­ment is less and therefore, a lesser percentage of run-off may be taken. where, R = Runoff in million m 3. How do we frame the hypothesis? m per hour. To achieve this, we use a large number of weather stations across WA to quantify the variability of rainfall in space and time. Rational Method: If R is the total rainfall in cm for a duration of T hours then the mean intensity of … If you are using the roof of a building for this purpose, calculate the square footage of this area by taking the length of the building, including the overhang(s) and multiply this by the width measurement plus the overhang(s) of the building. How “useful” are these statistics for your understanding of the system? These length may be worked out as below (See Fig. In order to calculate the flow discharge produced by a large storm (convective type) in the catchment in, it is necessary to calculate the average depth of rainfall (ADR) over the catchment. How the rain water reaches the channel or the river from the catchment area is shown in Fig. Estimate the maximum flood discharge by using the various empirical formulae and compare the flood discharges: This formula is applicable for Madras (Tamil Naidu) State only and as such gives low value which is not considered. What will be the peak discharge if the catchment area is of clayey soil lightly covered or of steep but wooded rock? The phrase “on the average” means all the peak discharges as observed over a period of 100 years or 50 years as the case may be and average of the peaks is taken. and the reduced levels of the critical point and the bridge site are 200 m and 50 m respectively. This focussed on catchment scale rainfall and processes. Calculate average by … 3.2 show two types of catch­ment. the arithmetic mean (considering only stations within the catchment boundary), the Thiessen polygon weighting system, and, the Isohyetal method. Three approaches are currently used for estimating the total rainfall: In this exercise you will compare these three different approaches for calculating the ADR and runoff generated by a single rainfall event. the distance from the rain-gauge to the centre of the representative area. Do they correlate in specific seasons? Cross Sectional Area and Bed Slope 5. The average depth of rainfall (ADR) over the entire catchment can be calculated using: Where $$A_{i}$$ is the polygon area (km2), $$P_{i}$$ is the rainfall (mm) corresponding to the $$i$$ polygon, and $$\sum{A_{i}}$$ is the catchment area (km2). Run-off is defined as the proportion of water out of the total rainfall in the catchment area running to the water course, channel or river. From a record of the Meteorological Department, Govt. Is this long enough for a reliable trend? We will examine these during this exercise. So, watershed area is the land area, from where all the surface runoff converges to a single point to give common discharge. 3.5): Bed slope, S, is the level difference of the lowest bed at 500 m upstream and 500 m downstream divided by the distance. Mean rainwater supply in m 3 = Mean annual rainfall in mm/year (Need to convert this value in ‘m’) X Surface area of catchment in m 2 X Run-off coefficient. Clean up the plot as required and submit on your answer sheet (1 mark). is the bed line BCDEFGHI which is the summation of the length of line BC, CD, DE etc. This is the maximum rate at which water will be allowed to discharge from the system. The terms “100 years’ value” and “50 years’ value” are defined as momentary peak discharge which occur “on the average” once in 100 years or once in 50 years. The catchment area of the stream or river upstream of the bridge site is obtained by marking the ridge line of the contour map and measuring the area enclosed by this ridge line with the help of a plan meter or tracing paper graphs. The calculation algorithm used may not result in a valid catchment for each selected discharge point. (. area, channel length, channel slope, percentage of impervious area, and percentage of the basin served by detention. For SOI which month had the highest (positive) correlation (copy that plot to your results). Calculate potential supply of rainwater from the catchment area. In normal single catchment, the watershed is long and narrow having a num­ber of short tributaries joining the main stream. 3.3 since the mean intensity for a small time interval, t, is more than the mean intensity for the whole time period, T. The relation between i and I may be shown as: Where C is a constant and may be taken as unity for all practical purpose. from coast. The methods are: 1. Describe the main features of this data set. (2 marks), What hypothesis can we make about changes in rainfall amount over time? We then look at how rainfall may be changing over time and how it varies over space across Western Australia. Note that our calculation allows you to use a variety of units. Does this match with your own rainfall station correlations (, Plot a scatter plot of discharge and annual rainfall, add a line to the chart. Privacy Policy 8. (4 marks), Next, let’s look at the distribution of the rainfall data. Calculating the logarithm of the catchment area value yields a layer that conveys much more information (you can do it using the raster calculator). Rainwater Collection Calculation Formulas and Equations. The followings are the methods used to calculate discharge of a catchment area using rainfall data: Runoff Computation Methods. One centimeter of rainfall over an area of one hectare gives a run- off of 100 cu. (2 marks), Use the Data Analysis add-in to calculate descriptive statistics (mean annual rainfall, max annual rainfall, min annual rainfall, Standard deviation of annual rainfall, Skewness) for the whole data (you can install by going to Tools->Add-ins->Analysis ToolPack). A … The catchment area of a river is 800 Sq. The calculation algorithm used may not result in a valid catchment for each selected discharge point. Some values of the rugosity co-efficient, n, are given in table below for various types of surface conditions. The flood discharge can be evaluated by using various empirical formulae involving area of the catchment and some coefficient depending upon the location of the catchment. What do these plots tell you about the rainfall data? The length of the catchment is 30 Km. Figure 1: A depth of rain ($$P$$, mm/day) is falling over a catchment area ($$A$$, km2) to produce stream discharge ($$Q$$, m3/day). Para 4.2.2 The design discharge (Q) normally shall be computed flood with a probable recurrence interval of 50 years. In order for this command to produce a catchment area, the surface triangle edges must form a channel that slopes toward the discharge point. For a small time interval, t, the intensity of rainfall, i, may be more as may be evident from Fig. A watershed is all the land & water which contributes runoff to a common point or outlet point. Choose a rapporteur to report back at the end of the discussion. The area of cross-section is measured by taking a series of levels of the river at H.F.L. Area of Cross-Section and Velocity As Observed At Bridge Site 6. The river's discharge at that location depends on the rainfall on the catchment or drainage area and the inflow or outflow of groundwater to or from the area, stream modifications such as dams and irrigation diversions, as well as evaporation and evapotranspiration from the area's land and plant surfaces. Before publishing your articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. \mathrm{ADR\ (mm)\ =\ }\frac{\sum{A_i\ast P_i}}{\sum A_i} Select the all years of data and INSERT a SCATTER plot. For DMI which month had the highest (negative) correlation (copy that plot to your results). Make a name to save the data (the default should be fine). may be found out by dividing the area into strips such as BPC, PCDO, ODEN etc. The Rational Method is, therefore, very realistic and considers all relevant factors which regulate the peak run-off. In the present case for catchment area composed of sandy soil with thick vegetation, A = 800 sq.km = 80,000 hectares ; P from table 3.3 = 0.10 ; f from table 3.4 = 0.60 ; Ic = 2.98 cm/hour. In storm hydrology, an important consideration is the stream's discharge hydrograph, a record of how the … IOD and ENSO using the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI)). To measure the velocity directly, the river is divided into few sections width wise and then the velocity for each section is determined by surface float placed at the centre of each section. The expo-nents for the drainage-area ratio were 0.85 for the winter season, 0.91 for the spring season, and 1.02 for the summer season. Then insert PIVOT table (Create a new tab). (2 marks), Plot the seasonal (monthly average) rainfall. Equation (5) age area to depend on the group. Most hydrological analysis at the catchment scale requires knowledge of the areal distribution of precipitation in the form of an average depth (mm) of water for the entire catchment over a specified time period, using information from a set of unevenly placed rain-gauges spread around the area. the age of the record, since the weirs or the barrages are mostly of recent construction. Since the time of concentration is dependent upon the length, slope and the roughness of the catchment, a relationship is established with these factors as below: H = Fall in level from the critical point to the site of the bridge in meters. Do this now and briefly summarise the aims of this exercise, your conclusions after doing this analysis, the limitations of your approach, and any recommendations. Calculate the maximum flood discharge if the river has fairly clean, straight banks but having some weeds and stones. By this method the discharge is calculated from Manning’s formula, Where A = the area of cross section of the stream measured from H.F.L, R = the hydraulic mean depth and equal to the ratio of cross-sectional area, to wetted perimeter, P. S = the bed slope of the stream measured over a reasonably long distance. Add the Pearson correlation coefficient (r2) value as well. The catchment area is the command area of a river wherefrom the river gets the supply of water. Use this tool to locate a gauging station near your rainfall site. The values of H and L can be found from the contour map of the catchment area. The catchment area is the area from which rainfall is collected. Do the same for both SOI and DMI. Lastly, we look at the relationships between rainfall and runoff. And tick your previously saved rainfall timeseries and then press “Correlate” and copy the results into Table 6. Isoheytal map corresponds to rainfall total over a 24hr period. Choose a new rapporteur to report back at the end of the discussion. The calculations are not exact but this volume of rainfall calculator can be used to easily detect the total amount of rainfall you can collect from the roof top, from the courtyard as well you can find the total run off over a particular land area. As discussed before, the run-off depends on the following factors: (i) Degree of porosity and degree of saturation of the soil in the catchment area. You’ll need to choose an appropriate runoff coefficient, and calculate the stream discharge at the bottom of the catchment - rember to watch out for unit conversions! the nature of the rainfall quantity (storm event, daily, monthly). (5 marks), Break into small groups of about 5 and discuss the results of Table 5. A watershed is all the land & water which contributes runoff to a common point or outlet point. Note that our calculation allows you to use a variety of units. Highlight any months that have a significant p-value (<0.05). The terms catchment & watershed are found to be used interchangeably. age area to depend on the group. Available Records. Clean up the plot as required and submit on your answer sheet (2 marks). Copy and paste the annual totals from the PIVOT table (include the year and amount columns) into another sheet. Here we determine how rainfall correlates with known modes of climate variability (i.e. After that we explore how different modes of climate variability affect annual rainfall. Click on “Monthly observations” and go to Precipitation CRU TS 0.5. (viii) Total quantity of rainfall in the catchment area. What relationships do you see between rainfall and climate mode and why? area = 254900000 m2area =54.9 km Time (min) Discharge (m3/s) 0 0 15 4.5 30 10 45 12.5 60 11 75 9 90 6.5 105 4 120 2.5 135 1 150 0 a) What is the size of the catchment area? When the catchment area is of clayey soil lightly covered, P from table 3.3 = 0.50, values of A, f and Ic remaining as before. In the latter case, the tributaries are longer and few in number and therefore, their run-off will reach the bridge site almost simultaneously causing thereby concentration of flow during storms of shorter duration. We want to ensure that there are only whole years to calculate the sums or else they will be in error. Are they linear or non- linear and why? The analyses resulted in a relation that can be used for estimating storm peak discharge based on drainage area, basin-average rainfall, and impervious area… Use a PIVOT table again. Another important factor which determines the percentage of run-off is the shape of the catchment. \tag{1} Then click correlate at the bottom and wait (the calculations are being done online and the graph returned for viewing). Comparison of flood discharges worked out by various empiral formulae: If R is the total rainfall in cm for a duration of T hours then the mean intensity of rainfall, I in cm per hour taken over the total duration of the storm is given by. To calculate how … Do this by plotting a histogram of the rainfall data (you will need to decide on a reasonable bin size) and plotting the cumulative probability distribution (you can ask Excel to generate this automatically when it makes the histogram, or generate it manually – each data point represents a probability of 1/#data points). Once you have the square footage number, enter it into the rainwater collection calculator above. The time taken by the float to cover a fixed distance is noted by a stop watch and the distance travelled by the float divided by the time taken is the surface velocity of the stream. In general, river discharge is computed by multiplying the area of water in a channel cross section by the average velocity of the water in that cross section: discharge = area … Figure 4: Isohyets on catchment with inter-isohyetal areas. To annotate this page, make sure you do so in the ‘Hydrology Class 2020’ group - you can join it here. This can be done accurately by setting up two ropes stretching across the stream, 5 meters apart. (ii) The shape and slope of the catchment area. Porosity of soil; that is, whether sandy, clayey or rocky; degree of previous saturation; area covered by forest; presence of lakes, ponds, swamps, artificial reservoir etc. Roof Area (ft2) X Precipitation Amount (in) X 0.623 = Amount Collected (gallons) Easy Formula to Remember: 1″ of Rain on 1,000 sf Roof will Yield 623 Gallons. The catchment area (also known as flow accumulation), can be used to set a threshold for channel initiation. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO)). Q = Peak discharge, cfs c = Rational method runoff coefficient i = Rainfall intensity, inch/hour A = Drainage area, acre. Select Month and Rainfall amount as the FIELDS; drag the Month FIELD into the ROWS box. Step 2 Determine the runoff coefficient, C, for the type of soil/cover in the drainage area. 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